Osmolality test, urine measures the concentration of dissolved particles in your urine such as sodium, glucose etc. This test helps to diagnose fluid / electrolyte imbalance in your body. This test is needed if you suffer from kidney disease, Diabetes insipidus, chronic diarrhea, prolonged vomiting, dehydration, excessive urination, high or low blood sodium or if you have eaten a toxic substance. High urine osmolality indicates dehydration and low urine osmolality indicates Diabetes insipidus, kidney failure or excess water intake.